NIH News in Health · Source article Burns can affect anyone. The consequences can range from mild skin damage to permanent scarring or even death. That’s why it’s important for everyone to know how to prevent burns. Most burn injuries occur at home. Kitchen fires or other household accidents are common causes. For children, scalds are the leading cause of burn injury. These are caused by steam or boiling water. Treatment depends on how serious the burn is. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis. Sunburns are one example. You can usually treat them at home by cleaning the area and applying lotion to keep it moist. Second-degree burns are deeper. They affect the second layer of skin, called the dermis. These burns may cause scars or change how the skin feels. Some can be treated with wound care only. This includes washing the wound and covering it with a bandage. Deep second-degree burns may require a surgery called skin grafting. This is where healthy skin is removed from one area of the body and used to cover the damaged area. Third-degree burns are even deeper. They damage the entire skin down to the fat and nerves beneath the dermis. Fourth-degree burn cases are the most serious. Muscles, tendons, and bones can also be affected. These burns always require medical care. Treatment often includes skin grafting surgery. Doctors determine how serious a burn is through visual examination. “Burn injuries often worsen after the initial injury, so it can take up to a week to get an accurate assessment,” says Dr. Angela Gibson, a surgeon who specializes in burn care at the University of Wisconsin. Gibson and her team are studying an imaging technology to help determine how deep a burn is. The tool uses fluorescent dyes to see into the skin. If successful, the tool may help doctors more accurately predict burn depth. This could allow patients to get the right care sooner. It could also help doctors identify healthy tissue, so they remove only damaged tissue. “We want to limit the amount of healthy skin we cut away,” Gibson explains. “If you cut away tissue, you must replace it with the patient’s skin. In those cases, we’d like to keep the area where the skin was taken for the skin graft, or donor site, as small as we can.” Gibson’s lab is also studying bandages that generate tiny electrical signals. These signals tell cells to grow and move to the injured area. This helps new skin form and supports the growth of new blood vessels. The bandages copy the body’s natural electrical activity, which helps burn injuries heal faster. Traditional electrical stimulation therapy needs an external power source. But the bandages use the body’s movements. Movement creates electricity to power the bandages. This technology is being studied for multiple uses, including wound healing. But it’s still in the early stages and needs more research. Scientists continue to study new treatment options. But Gibson says prevention is the best defense. She recommends burn prevention education for everyone. Learn ways to help prevent burns at home. See the Wise Choices box for tips. “A burn injury can happen to anyone,” Gibson says. “Prevention is just as important as knowing how to care for burns.” Source: NIH News in Health. Originally published May 2026. Republished by Graymedy on 11 October 2026. This is a sourced NIH article, not a Graymedy interview or original study. Read the original article and its research references. NIH News in Health permits republication of its articles and illustrations with acknowledgement. Research findings retain their original study context. Further reading and research references Learn About Burn Care Burn Prevention, First Aid and Calling 911(FEMA) Protect the ones you love (CDC) References Indocyanine green and protoporphyrin IX fluorescence imaging of inflammation, hypoxia, and necrosis of burns Burn progression in human skin—A review of current knowledge and opportunities for future research Recent advances of nanogenerator technology for cardiovascular sensing and monitoring Illustrative archival photograph: National Cancer Institute / Unsplash, used under the Unsplash License. The people or equipment shown are not identified as participants in the research or interviews described here.